Integration of Mobile IP with Mobile Adhoc Network, a Conceptual Study

Devendra Chaphekar¹, Bhisham Sonkar¹, Gupteshwar Gupta²

¹Department of I.T. and Computer Application, Dr. C.V. Raman University, Kota, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India

²Department of Mathematics, Govt. College Tilda, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

*Corresponding Author Email: devendra74chpahekar@gmail.com, bhisham.sonkar@gmail.com, gupta_gupteshwar@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT:

Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) is collection of node that can communicate with each other without any existing infrastructure. The basic problem with mobile ad hoc network is when nodes are moving away from MANET, it cannot use the resources of networks, in order to make more utilities of MANET nodes it is necessary to be connected with other networks. Mobile IP is standard protocols which support the mobility in wireless Internet environment to keep connected mobile host roam. MOBILE IP provisioning to MANET nodes can play an important role in order to utilized foreign network’s resources

Integration of Mobile IP and MANET solve the problem MANET increase its service area and communicate with for away node of another MANET it also enjoy the service of Internet with help of MOBILE IP.

I have studied different communication mechanism of Mobile IP and MANET to use the Internet facilities as well as resources of foreign networks. Some performance analysis has been done having Mobile IP and different MANET scenarios, overall studies show that integration of Mobile IP with MANET is more beneficial for MANET users.

KEY WORDS: Mobile Ad hoc Network Mobile IP.

I. INTRODUCTION:

Internet is widely used feature for communication which requires high cost for building a large number of bases and total throughput is limited by the number of cells in the area. This facility is not available everywhere, some time we require this feature in the area of emergency operation, betel field, with temporary bases which can provide by Mobile Ad hoc network [1]. MANET network are limited in small area and required feature to connect with Internet. Combined approach of communication may beneficial for MANET.

Mobile IP can help in communication between different domains mobile host without any obstacle although an autonomous, stand-alone mobile ad hoc network is useful in many cases, a mobile ad hoc network connected to the Internet is much more desirable.

To achieve this network interconnection, gateways that understand the protocols of both the mobile ad hoc network stack and the TCP/IP suite are needed[3]. All communication between a mobile ad hoc network and the Internet must pass through the gateways. How to provide Internet connectivity to mobile ad hoc networks is suggested by the many researcher using different type of frame work with their benefit and limitation

II. Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET):

Mobile nodes in a MANET communicate to each other without base station, without the aid of any centralized administration hence it is also known as an infrastructure less wireless network [1]. MANET employs its mobile nodes as a part of the networking system. Each node in MANET can act as an intermediate node, i.e. as a relay to forward packets of data (Toh 2002) and do routing functionality. In MANET, mobile nodes are free to move arbitrarily. It leads to an important property of MANET, which is dynamic topology.

A Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols in MANET

Traditional distance-vector and link-state routing protocols are proactive in that they maintain routes to all nodes, including nodes to which no packets are sent. For that reason they require periodic control messages, which lead to scarce resources such as power and link bandwidth being used more frequently for control traffic as mobility increases. Example of a proactive routing protocol is Destination Sequence Distance Vector Protocol(DSDV)[5]

Reactive routing protocols, on the other hand, operate only when there is a need of communication between two nodes. This approach allows the nodes to focus either on routes that are being used or on routes that are in process of being set up. Examples of reactive routing protocols are Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) [2].

Both proactive and reactive routing have specific advantages and disadvantages that make them suitable for certain types of scenarios. Proactive routing protocols have their routing tables updated at all times, thus the delay before sending a packet is minimal. However, routing tables that are always updated require periodic control messages that are flooded through the whole network - an operation that consumes a lot of time, bandwidth and energy. On the other hand, reactive routing protocols determine routes between nodes only when they are explicitly needed to route packets. However, whenever there is a need for sending a packet, the mobile node must first find the route if the route is not already known. This route discovery process may result in considerable delay.

Combining the proactive and reactive approaches results in a hybrid routing protocol. A hybrid approach minimizes the disadvantages, but also the advantages of the two combined approaches. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) is such a hybrid reactive/ proactive routing protocol. Each mobile node proactively maintains routes within a local region (referred to as the routing zone). Mobile nodes residing outside the zone can be reached with reactive routing.

III Mobile IP:

In general, on the Internet, IP packets are transported from their source to their destination by allowing routers to forward data packets from incoming network interfaces to outbound network interfaces according to information obtained via routing protocols. The routing information is stored in routing tables. Typically the routing tables maintain the next-hop (outbound interface) information for each destination IP network.

The IP address of a packet normally specifies the IP client’s point of attachment to the network. Correct delivery of IP packets to a client’s point of network attachment depends on the network identifier portion contained in the client’s IP address. Unfortunately, the IP address has to change at a new point of attachment. Altering the routing of the IP packets intended for a mobile client to a new point of attachment requires a new client IP address associated with that new point of network attachment. On the other hand, to maintain existing transport protocol layer connections as the mobile client moves, the mobile client’s IP address must remain the same. In order to solve this problem, Mobile IP introduces two new functional entities within IP networks. Those are the Foreign Agent, FA and the Home Agent, HA.

These two new entities together with enhancements in the mobile node (the client) are the basic building blocks for a Mobile IP enabled network. The last entity for providing a full reference for a basic Mobile IP enabled network is the Correspondent Node, CN. The Correspondent Node is another IP entity e.g. an Internet Server with which the mobile node communicates. In the basic Mobile IP scenarios the Corresponding Node does not need to have any Mobile IP knowledge at all. This is an important distinction. To require that new devices that are introduced on the Internet to have new functionality is one thing – to require that all Internet servers and fixed clients should be upgraded is completely different. A Mobile IP enabled network requires the mobile nodes to be upgraded, it also requires new functions in the visiting and home networks; however it does not require upgrading of core Internet services. The basic entities constituting a MIP aware network are: The Mobile Node comprising the Terminal Equipment and the Mobile Termination· The Foreign Agent· The Home Agent. The Corresponding Node [4].

IV Integration Mechanism:

Global connectivity of MANETS node is possible by its Integration with Mobile IP in which concept of Gateway is use to support the Hybrid mechanism for two different network. The gateways can be fixed or mobile. The gateway discovery can be done in a proactive, reactive or hybrid approach. The gateway switching mechanisms can be different. Different MANET routing protocols are used fig(1).

Fig 1

V Study of Research Paper of Mobile IP and MANET Integration Framework

In the paper of Jonsson [6], called MIPMANET provides Internet access to the mobile nodes by making use of Mobile IP with Foreign Agent and reverse tunneling concept. AODV[7] protocol for routing of packets within the mobile nodes and the Foreign Agent is uses in MIPMANET. It makes use of MIPMANET Switching algorithm to decide whether a mobile node should change its Foreign Agent or not. Ratanchandani and Kravets [8], has given a hybrid scheme to provide Internet connectivity to the MANET nodes, using Mobile IP. The scheme uses techniques such as TTL scoping of agent advertisements, eavesdropping and caching agent advertisements to combine the advantages of proactive and reactive approaches to providing connectivity. in the research paper of Tseng [9] proposal of the Integration and Implementation is based on IEEE 802.11b wireless LANs. Issues like overlapping of MANETs, dynamic adjustment of mobile agent’s service coverage’s, support of local broadcast and various communication scenarios are addressed. In research paper Habib Ammari [10], approach of integrating the MANET with Internet is based on the use of mobile Gateways. The mobile Gateways use Mobile IP when communicating with the Internet and DSDV when they interact with MANET nodes. Common Gateway Architecture [11], introduces a novel approach of having a single gateway through which the mobile nodes access the internet. The main feature of this scheme is that a single address space is used so that all the Integrating ad-hoc networks with MANET is a presented Shuo Ding, Arek Dadej, Steven Gordon[12] . In this paper, they analysed the Mobile IP agent registration, routing interoperability, and smooth gateway handoff issues arising when an ad-hoc network is connected to the Internet via multiple gateways and proposed an architecture framework for supporting IP mobility and communications across the boundary between ad-hoc network and the Internet. The paperof Joe C. Chan, Doan B. Hoang [13] presented novel architecture for mobile ad-hoc systems and services (AMASS). In this paper it maximizes the synergies of MANETs and P2P for building wireless on-demand systems and services. MANETs provide dynamic physical connectivity while P2P offers dynamic associations of entities (users, devices, and services) for direct resources sharing Second, its Mobile P2P overlay unites mobility, connectivity, and services for universal communications.

VI Practical Study Using (NS 2)

To evaluate the result of Integration of Mobile IP with MANET in NS2 some simulation scenario must be run. The simulation were conducted on an Intel Pentium IV processor on1.2 GHz 512 MB of RAM running Turbo LINUX.

We studied scenario consists of 5,10,15,20 and 25 mobile nodes, 1 gateways, 2fixed wired node. The topology is a rectangular area with 650 m length and 670 m width. A rectangular area was chosen in order to force the use of longer routes between nodes than would occur in a square area with equal node density. The one gateways are placed one side of the area; their x,y-coordinates in meters are (650,610). All simulations are run for 250 seconds of simulated time. Mobile node are placed in different location of x,y from (2,2) to (200,250) position Fig 2

(i) Movement Model

Each mobile node move on The mobile nodes move according to the “random waypoint” model and communicate with fixed wired node using Mobile IP HA & FA

(ii) Parameter

The parameters that are common for all simulations are given in table and the Parameters that are specific for some simulations are shown in table

Parameter	Value
Number of Mobile Node	5,10,15,20,25
No. of Getaway	1
Wired Node	2
Simulation Time	250 S
Topology	650,670
Packet type	UDP,TCP

(iii) Simulation Result

In simulation result we calculate the no. of send and received packet the graph is presented that increasing no. of node the difference is increase Fig. 3

Fig. 3

VI. CONCLUSION:

The study of several research work related to MANETS and Mobile IP integration are suggested that better result of integration is achieved by proper implementation of Gateway discovery (proactive, reactive and hybrid ) mechanism for communication, modification of MANET Routing Protocol for Integration, Security Management, Authentication Ad hoc routing for Mobile IP. With the study of Research Paper it is evident that there is a need of Analysis on the basis of architecture, gateway discovery and Mobile IP(IPv4 &IPv6)for advancing Integration.

With help of extensive simulation study it is observe that protocol combination achieves excellent results in networks of varying sizes and configurations. The result is showing that for given topology & network parameters the performance of DSDV is affected in terms of packet dropped whenever nodes are increase.

VII. REFERENCES:

1. D.P. Agrawal, Qing An Zing “Introduction to Wireless and Mobile Systems”, Thomson Publication 2003.

2. Perkins C.; Belding-Royer E.M.; Das S. Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector AODV) Routing, IETF Internet Draft, Jan 2002.Work in progress.

3. Perkin and H. Lei, “Ad hoc Networking with Mobile IP,” Second European Personal Mobile Communication Conference, pp. 197–202, October 1997.

4. [RFC2002] Perkins, C., E., “(ed.) “IP Mobility Support”, RFC2002, proposed standard. IETF Mobile IP Working Group, Oct., 1996.

5. C.E. Perkins and P. Bhagwat, “Highly Dynamic Destination Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing(DSDV) for Mobile Computers”, comp. Comun. Rev . Oct. 1994

6. U. Jonsson et al., “MIPMANET — Mobile IP for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,” Proceeding. 1st Workshop. Mobile Ad hoc Network and Computing (MobiHOC’00), Boston, Massachusetts, Aug. 2000, pp. 75–85.

7. E.M. Royer, C-K. Toh,“ A Review of Current Routing Protocols for adhoc Mobile wireless Networks”, IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, April 1999, pp 46-55.

8. Erik Nordstrom, P Gunningberg, C Tschudin, Design of Internet Connectivity for Mobile ad hoc Networks, Uppsala University.

9. Y. Sun, E.M. Belding-Royer, C.E. Perkins, “Internet Connectivity for ad hoc Mobile Networks”, International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, Special Issue on Mobile ad hoc Networks(MANETs): Standards, Research, Applications, April 2002, pp 75-88.

10. Khaleel Ur Rahman Khan, Rafi U Zaman, A. Venugopal Reddy, “Integrating Mobile ad hoc Networks and the Internet: challenges and a review of strategies”, Proceedings of IEEE/CREATE-NET/ICST COMSWARE 2008, January 2008.

11. C.E. Perkins, “Mobile Networking Through Mobile IP”, IEEE Internet Computing, Vol. 2, Issue 1, January 1998.

12. Shuo Ding, Arek Dadej, Steven Gordon Internet Integrated MANETs using Mobile IP Institute for Telecommunication Research University of South Australia

13. Joe C. Chan, Doan B. Hoang Service Architecture for Integrating MANETs with Heterogeneous IP Networks University of Technology, Sydney(UTS)

Received on 22.02.2013 Accepted on 12.03.2013

Research J. Science and Tech 5(3): July- Sept., 2013 page 319-322